Population growth in the 1970s was swelling, and films such as Soylent Green tapped into growing fears of overpopulation and urban violence. “There’s no recovery, and that’s what was so shocking to ,” says Ramsden.Ĭalhoun wasn’t shy about anthropomorphizing his findings, binning rodents into categories such as “juvenile delinquents” and “social dropouts,” and others seized on these human parallels. However, the satirical tone of the chapter makes it clear that this technology-based society is not a utopia. Effectively, says Ramsden, they became “trapped in an infantile state of early development,” even when removed from Universe 25 and introduced to “normal” mice. Instead of interacting with their peers, males compulsively groomed themselves females stopped getting pregnant. Summary Analysis As has been said, Hythloday continues, every group of thirty families or farms in Utopia annually elects an officer to represent them this officer or magistrate is called a Philarch (formerly known as a Syphogrant, perhaps from the Greek meaning wise old ruler of the pigsty). Mice born into the chaos couldn’t form normal social bonds or engage in complex social behaviors such as courtship, mating, and pup-rearing. This iteration, dubbed Universe 25, was the first crowding experiment he ran to completion.Įventually Universe 25 took another disturbing turn. The only scarce resource in this microcosm was physical space, and Calhoun suspected that it was only a matter of time before this caused trouble in paradise.Ĭalhoun had been running similar experiments with rodents for decades but had always had to end them prematurely, ironically because of laboratory space constraints, says Edmund Ramsden, a science historian at Queen Mary University of London. In 1968, Calhoun had started the experiment by introducing four mouse couples into a specially designed pen-a veritable rodent Garden of Eden-with numerous “apartments,” abundant nesting supplies, and unlimited food and water. Utopia was a peninsula until its founder Utopos decided to separate it from the mainland by digging a channel to cut across the narrowest part of the peninsula (50). The results, laid bare at his feet, had taken years to play out. Politics & Government Utopia Book 2 Summary & Analysis Book 2 Summary In Book 2 Raphael offers an extended description of the Utopian state, economy, and culture. Some are Christians others worship God in. Calhoun wasn’t the survivor of a natural disaster or nuclear meltdown rather, he was a researcher at the National Institute of Mental Health conducting an experiment into the effects of overcrowding on mouse behavior. The Utopians are described as a religious people who practice toleration, which was almost unknown in Tudor England.

More utopia book 1 summary